import os
os.getcwd()#返回当前的工作目录
#'/home/ruben'
os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') #改变当前工作目录
os.system('mkdir today') #新建目录
dir(os)
#['CLD_CONTINUED', 'CLD_DUMPED', 'CLD_EXITED', 'CLD_TRAPPED', 'DirEntry', 'EX_CANTCREAT', 'EX_CONFIG', 'EX_DATAERR', 'EX_IOERR',.......返回os的内置方法、内置变量等
help(os)
#返回os包的帮助信息:
os库包含的是许多关于操作系统的相关操作
import shutil
shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')#拷贝文件
shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')#移动文件
shutils是关于文件相关的操作
import glob
glob.glob('*.py')#枚举文件
#['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']
glob是关于文件或文件夹的列举操作
import sys
print(sys.argv)
#['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three']
sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n')#命令行输出错误信息
sys.exit()#退出脚本
sys是关于命令行中参数的获取，比如python demo.py one two three。获取到的第一个参数是代码文件名，第二到第四个参数是用于输入的自定义参数。
import re
re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest')
#['foot', 'fell', 'fastest']
re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat')
#'cat in the hat'
'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two')
#'tea for two'
数学操作
import math
math.cos(math.pi / 4)
#0.70710678118654757
math.log(1024, 2)
#10.0
随机数的产生
import random
random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
#'apple'
random.sample(range(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
#[30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
random.random() # random float
#0.17970987693706186
random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
#4
统计相关操作
import statistics
data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
statistics.mean(data)
#1.6071428571428572
statistics.median(data)
#1.25
statistics.variance(data)
#1.3720238095238095
网络访问
from urllib.request import urlopen
with urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') as response:
for line in response:
line = line.decode('utf-8') # Decoding the binary data to text.
if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time
print(line)
#<BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
"""
To: jcaesar@example.org
From: soothsayer@example.org
Beware the Ides of March.
""")
server.quit()
时间相关操作
from datetime import date
now = date.today()
now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
#'09-11-18. 11 Sep 2018 is a Tuesday on the 11 day of September.'
datetime.date(2018, 11, 9)
birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
age = now - birthday
age.days
#14368
文件或字符压缩
import zlib
s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
len(s)
#41
t = zlib.compress(s)
len(t)
#37
zlib.decompress(t)
#b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
zlib.crc32(s)
#226805979
性能测试
from timeit import Timer
Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
#0.57535828626024577
Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
#0.54962537085770791
文档测试
def average(values):
"""Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.
>>> print(average([20, 30, 70]))
40.0
"""
return sum(values) / len(values)
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
单元测试
import unittest
class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
def test_average(self):
self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
average([])
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
average(20, 30, 70)
unittest.main()
上面介绍的是一些基本的标准库，还有提供rpc服务的xmlrpc，邮件服务的email，json解析的json库，sqlite数据库的sqlite3…等等，这些标准库完成了许多标准化操作。另外还有更多的第三方库这里就不一一列举了。